Louis Armstrong :: Music, Jazz

Q5. Armstrongs contribution was also significant in regards of racial justice. His development of instrumental, vocal, and stylistic techniques partnered with his breathtaking talent open doors to the acceptance of uncontaminating Americans. (Tanenhaus, 19) This was make evident when after Ford Motor Company made attempts to release Armstrong from The Edsel Show prior to their profligate TV laugh of their parvenue auto line for his public outburst and statements on race. Fords plans maskingfired when Armstrong remained on the show and played alongside of Rosemary Clooney, Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, and Frand Sinatra no more than a short month after the controversy. With vast viewer popularity, white Americans made it apparent their unconditional love for him and his symphony. (Teachout, 334-335) Armstrong began making a step in racial acceptance that in that time had not been established yet. Q6. Lastly, through his contribution to early Jazz, he had a direct hand in developing the new field of academic jazz scholarship, although it had been extensively debatable on his contribution. (Teachout, 351) None the less, his talent formed a popularity that was surpassed by none even to the point that erst in his career he was more popular than the Beatles. (Teachout, 351) Undoubtedly, he was the first, if not the only to present Jazz to the public as a form of art. This changed the accusation of Jazz to not just leaser listening music, but teachable and complicated talent. (Tanenhaus, 19)Q7. His contribution to jazz was primary made in early jazz music of the 1920s-1930s. (Teachout, 53,389) Though he received his first success as a teenager in 1914 when he took the place of King Oliver in the Kid Ory anchor ring (Raum 14) he had not yet made the impact on the stylistic and technical form as he did in the later years of his career. Q8. Armstrongs contribution was made primarily in his home state of New Orleans and to the South with the exception of his travels out of the country to Japan, Egypt, Europe, and Africa. (McKissack, 22-23) In regards of where his impact was made beyond is undoubtedly to the progression of American as well as to jazz music itself.Q9. There are an immeasurable amount of people in Armstrongs life that helped him to succeed to his contribution but the contribution itself was souly because of Armstrongs drive, talent and personality. If one were to choose who in Armstrongs life played the biggest part, it would be back to where it all started, Peter Davis.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby In the story of Great Gatsby there ar many diverse individuals which make themselves heard in the book. Tom Buchanan is the one character that the reader loves to hate. He represents the materialistic views in and around the Jazz era. The challenge at hand is to consider the character and role of Tom Buchanan in the story. How is the reader meant to respond to this character. To answer the question Tom must be low-toned down and investigated in an in-depth manner.The era the action takes place in is known as the Jazz era. It is well known as a very superficial time period. Tom is known as a very superficial character. Although Tom is well known as a wealthy man who seems to oblige the whole world at his beck and call. Despite his advantages which he has received in life it does not reflect his image which is ugly. People are constantly assay to be like him because of his social status. He is the apex of the society, a very powerful individual, with enormous we alth. He is openly aggressive towards people especially his married woman whom he is abusive towards. He also shows abusive actions towards his mistress Myrtle when he meets with her in New York. Tom believes solely that he is more consequential than anyone else. He also has much hate towards Gatsby when he first meets him, since Tom is particularly jealous of Gatsbys wealthiness over his own. We see his jealousy when he gets a favour from a friend in New York City to look into Jay Gatsby and the life he has led.The reader develops much hate towards Mr. Buchanan when we learn of his mistress. His disprovement grows when he strikes her crossways the face and severely hurts her for no apparent reason. His rude attitude towards others are also taken to heart when Tom is seen out in public hard to show off for his friend Nick Caraway of how much of a man he can be.

Patriotism and Its Meaning Essay -- Definition Patriot National Essays

Patriotism and Its MeaningIn the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States we are visual perception many forms of Patriotism. I was suprised to find when I researched this word that it had a negative feeling associated with it. I believe that patriotism is actively showing your support for your country, stand up for what you believe in, and fighting for our individual free bequeath and independence.I am proud of my country and I am not ashamed to fly ball the American Flag. Many men and women have died to give me the freedoms that I take for granted. I applaud their patriotism, and I thank them for giving me my way of life. I will support them in protecting my country. I will try to elect officials who believe in the issues I do, and who work for the better good o...

An Apology From Socrates :: Philosophy

The Apology is Socrates defense at his trial. As the dialogue begins, Socrates notes that his accusers have cautioned the jury against Socrates eloquence, according to Socrates, the difference amongst him and his accusers is that Socrates speaks the truth. Socrates distinguished two groups of accusers the earlier and the later accusers. The earlier group is the hardest to defend against, since they do not appear in court. He is all so impeach of being a Sophist that he is a teacher and takes money for his teaching. He attempts to explain why he has attracted such a reputation. The oracle was asked if anyone was rationalr than Socrates was. The serve well was no, thither was no man wiser. Socrates cannot believe this oracle, so he sets out to disprove it by finding someone who is wiser. He goes to a politician, who is thought wise by him self and others. Socrates does not think this man to be wise and tells him so. As a consequence, the politician hated Socrates, as did others who heard the questioning. I am better off, because while he knows nothing but thinks that he knows, I neither know nor think that I know (Socrates). He questioned politicians, poets, and artisans. He finds that the poets do not write from wisdom, but by genius and inspiration. Meletus charges Socrates with being a doer of evil, and corrupter of the youth, and he does not believe in the gods of the State, and has other new divinities of his own. In his examination of Meletus, Socrates makes three main pips 1) Meletus has accused Socrates of being the only corrupter, while everyone else improves the youth. Socrates then uses an analogy a horse trainer is to horses as an improver is to the youth. The point is that there is only one improver, not many. 2) If Socrates corrupts the youth, either it is intentional or unintentional. No one would corrupt his neighbor intentionally, because he would harm himself in the process. If the subversion was unintentional, then the court is not the pl ace to resolve the problem. The other possibility is that he does not corrupt them at all. 3) In frustration, Meletus accuses Socrates of being a wind up atheist, at the same time he claims Socrates teaches new gods. Thus, Meletus contradicts himself. Socrates argues that fear of death is foolish, because it is not known if death is a good or an evil, thus there is no reason to fear death.

Interracial Relations and Marriages Essay -- Race Racism Marriage Dive

Interracial Relations and MarriagesOutlineThesis statement, The United States has witnessed a considerable social andcultural integration of Black and Caucasian Americans. How of all time, despite yearsof desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show thesedifferences still exist in the institution of espousal. 1. Americans subscribe to beenand argon continually moving slowly away from segregation. A.Since the 1960sBlacks have been allowed to move into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. B.Integration on campuses is now more apparent then ever before. 1. Studentscat together. 2. Students study together, C.Black and Caucasianissues have converged. 11,notwithstanding these examples of desegregation,there are still signs, most clearly is apparent in the institution of unificationbetween Black and Caucasians.Ill. One of the major barrier.-, of interracial marriages lies in the familyof the couples. A.Louis, a Caucasian women, and Chuck, a Black man, weremarried in 1960 . 1 .They have no prejudice about each other.2Both have mixed group of friends.3,They had problems with family. a)Louis mother had asked her whyshe could not marry her own kind. b)This conflict at long last caused the tiesbetween mother and daughter to break.B.Mama, a Caucasian Jewish, married a Black.I. None of her family members attended her wedding except her mother.2.Her father told her that he could not believe that she married a Black.Nevertheless, she survived her family disapproval.IV.An unlikely source of problems for interracial married couples comesfrom religion. A.The majority of interracial married couples involved inChristian churches before marriage discontinue church membership and attendanceafter marriage. B.Couples search for churches that are like home. C.They are met with resistance from religious people who have been reported tohave said that if their children married a Black person, they would kill them. D.Every couple has their own crisis, but for some, the c hurch officialswho are against divorce will turn some and recommend a separation.... becausethe couple are a Black and a Caucasian. V.These churches need to face agrowing phenomenon. 1. In the Old Testament, God potently opposesintermarriage. a)... ...essed and eventually the only way to makechanges involving segregationChildren of interracial married couples learn tolerance within the family, whichallows these children to ad their experiences to others, in one way or another.Works CitedAunapu, Greg., et al., eds. Intermarried ... With Children. Time. Fall199364-68. Gilbereath, Edward. How Our Children Surprise Us. ChristianityT da . 7 Mar. 199432-34. Herring. Roger D. Development Biracial Ethnic Identity A Review Of The Increasing Dilemma. journal Of Muliticul tral C)unseline & Development, 23.1 (Jan. 1995) 29-39. Kalniijin, Matthijis. Trends in Black/White Intermarriage. Social Forces. Sep. 1993119-147. Kantrotz, Barbara. Colorblind Love. Newsweek. 7 Mar 198840-42. Nfira , Harold. Love In Black And White. Christianitv Tod4y. 7 Mar. 1994 18-20. Norman, Lynn. Am I Black, White Or In Between. Ebony. Aug. 1995 108-110. Perkins, Mtaii. Guess Who Is Confing To Church. Christianity T da . 7 Mar. 1994 30-32. Randolph, Laura B. Black Women/White Man Whats Going On? EboLny. Mar. 1989 154-158. Up for Separatism. Economist. 21 Oct. 1995 30.

Interracial Relations and Marriages Essay -- Race Racism Marriage Dive

Interracial Relations and MarriagesOutlineThesis statement, The United States has witnessed a considerable social andcultural integrating of Black and Caucasian Americans. How forever, despite yearsof desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show thesedifferences still exist in the institution of nuptials. 1. Americans take away beenand be continually moving slowly away from segregation. A.Since the 1960sBlacks have been allowed to move into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. B.Integration on campuses is now more apparent then ever before. 1. Studentscat together. 2. Students study together, C.Black and Caucasianissues have converged. 11, nonwithstanding these examples of desegregation,there are still signs, most clearly is apparent in the institution of labor unionbetween Black and Caucasians.Ill. One of the major barrier.-, of interracial marriages lies in the familyof the couples. A.Louis, a Caucasian women, and Chuck, a Black man, weremarried in 1960. 1 .Th ey have no prejudice about each other.2Both have mixed group of friends.3,They had problems with family. a)Louis mother had asked her whyshe could not marry her own kind. b)This conflict ultimately caused the tiesbetween mother and daughter to break.B.Mama, a Caucasian Jewish, married a Black.I. None of her family members attended her wedding except her mother.2.Her father told her that he could not believe that she married a Black.Nevertheless, she survived her family disapproval.IV.An unlikely source of problems for interracial married couples comesfrom religion. A.The majority of interracial married couples involved inChristian churches before marriage discontinue church membership and attendanceafter marriage. B.Couples search for churches that are like home. C.They are met with resistance from religious people who have been reported tohave said that if their children married a Black person, they would kill them. D.Every couple has their own crisis, but for some, the church off icialswho are against divorce will turn approximately and recommend a separation.... becausethe couple are a Black and a Caucasian. V.These churches need to face agrowing phenomenon. 1. In the Old Testament, God potently opposesintermarriage. a)... ...essed and eventually the only way to makechanges involving segregationChildren of interracial married couples learn tolerance within the family, whichallows these children to ad their experiences to others, in one way or another.Works CitedAunapu, Greg., et al., eds. Intermarried ... With Children. Time. Fall199364-68. Gilbereath, Edward. How Our Children Surprise Us. ChristianityT da . 7 Mar. 199432-34. Herring. Roger D. Development Biracial Ethnic Identity A Review Of The Increasing Dilemma. daybook Of Muliticul tral C)unseline & Development, 23.1 (Jan. 1995) 29-39. Kalniijin, Matthijis. Trends in Black/White Intermarriage. Social Forces. Sep. 1993119-147. Kantrotz, Barbara. Colorblind Love. Newsweek. 7 Mar 198840-42. Nfir a, Harold. Love In Black And White. Christianitv Tod4y. 7 Mar. 1994 18-20. Norman, Lynn. Am I Black, White Or In Between. Ebony. Aug. 1995 108-110. Perkins, Mtaii. Guess Who Is Confing To Church. Christianity T da . 7 Mar. 1994 30-32. Randolph, Laura B. Black Women/White Man Whats Going On? EboLny. Mar. 1989 154-158. Up for Separatism. Economist. 21 Oct. 1995 30.

Micro: Learning and Lesson Plan Essay

1.0 IntroductionOn 6 November 2012, corresponding to the last Tuesday, I have been conducting small education streamlets on the topic of learning Needs and Wants under chapter unrivalled, the physician Syllabus Form 4, on 30 prospective teachers who act as students in Form 4. My final micro article of belief was held on 3rd January 2013 with the same topic and objectives. This microteaching was carried come out for 15 minutes under the supervision of my lecturers, Mr. Suthagar a / l Narasuman. Microteaching trial is compulsory for all prospective teachers who took this course.In determining the rotation and chapter that should be taught in microteaching sessions was squared by voting under the supervision of our chief, Nor Hafriza. We just called her as Fiza. She was the head that is genuinely responsible and dedicated in solving our problems related to this course. after the voting, I found that Im very fortunate to have had a first turn and first subtopic in syllabus Perdaga ngan Form 4 for trial and final session. After a few weeks, Fiza has received approval from our lecturer, Mr. Suthagar to choose our own sub-topics that entrust be taught during microteaching. This is very nice scarce I decided to keep the title was elected during the voting session.2.0 Initial Feelings / ReactionI would be lying if I said that the microteaching was easy. To be honest, I was extremely nervous when it was assigned, not because of the body of work that would be required to get it done, but because of the veridical teaching the yr. I was more afraid to teach my own friends than the actual high school class that I have and will be assigned to. The reasoning behind this is that it is always said that standing up in front of ones peers is quite possibly the hardest thing to do. They are the people that are around you the most and know you I bit more personally than say, a class. Yes, a class does get to know you as wellspring, but it is not on the same level as in this microteaching. thither is some sort of connection a class has because we all know exactly what to expect from one another and we judge, we rout outnot help it, it just happens.We may not necessarily be trying to judge, but it is in our nature and it should be when it comes to something interchange subject microteaching because we are all trying to learn a little something from one another. For trial, I have vigilant a lesson intention that teacher-centred, where as I give a clear explanation of human needs and desires as well as the differences between them. After that, the students are asked to answer an exercise provided. After a few minutes, I choose students at random to give the counterbalance answer orally. I was the first students to run this trial and after hearing the comments from Mr. Suthagar, it understandably shows that my lack was regarding involvement of students in the process of teaching and learning. When beginning this trial microteaching journey, the f irst hurdle that I had to jump over was the dreaded lesson plans.Before this class, I had an experience to write a lesson plan during me as a alleviation teacher. However, during that epoch Im just write the lesson plan based on my understanding and without the trustworthy knowledge. When talking about the lesson, I had practiced it in front of my roommates and some friends and I knew it just was not passage to be the same as in the class. One of the biggest things that I had to worry about also the discipline issue was my time management. I did not want to get into a situation where I would have so much time leftover over and then have nothing to talk about. So, my lesson did end up going as planned and I actually had more stuff that I could have said if the buzzer had not gone off.Other friends who are implemented their trial on the first day which is together with me also liner a lack and problem more or less the same. However, there is also a classmate who is open to prov ide activities that engage students and it is a very good example and can be an example for me in the future. Friends who implement micro teaching trial in the next weeks started to change and show the receipts to teach victimization students centred sexual climax. However there is still a lack of attentive in a few friends and they are still continuing their micro teaching trial based on teacher-centred approach.3.0 Process of Designing and Delivering LessonBased on my experience, the process in formulateing to delivering my lesson is not too complicated. For me, the most of the essence(p) things were the lesson plan and activities that I will conduct during the microteaching. I realize that there is a strategy to planning a lesson. There were certain aspects of the lesson plan, such as the goals and objectives that helped me focus on my lesson, as well as making sure that each activity I had planned was relevant and effective. Writing a lesson plan gave me a chance to think th rough each aspect and make sure that there were no holes. Even though I felt prepared going into the classroom, there is plainly so much planning and preparation that is possible. There will always be things that will come up, such as random student responses or questions that I will not have prepared for. Learning how to deal with situations such as those will come with time and experience. Generally, there is many benefit of having a lesson plan. It allows you to manage your time, effort and resources efficiently. It also provides the teacher many ways to keep the teaching process not humdrum and redundant.We need to keep in mind that the attention of our students and pupils is just equivalent to half of their age and a lesson is the best way to keep the interests of students and pupils interests all throughout. Since it is like a script in movies, lesson plans makes teaching mundane and easy and it makes you organized whilst teaching. We can able to determine when to insert ice breakers and interesting facts and lessons to keep our student and pupils paste to their lessons. Other than that, the variations in the activities are easily whipped out which will benefit our students. Bear in mind that we are dealing with a class that has four-fold intelligent and different activities will cater to all types of students and pupils. Lesson plans will easily help you to achieve your goals and objectives, and same can be said on the take off of your students or pupils. It also gives us a reality check of our everyday performance and we can reform the habit and attitude of our students and our teaching skills.Lesson plans is vital in teaching, it gives us the guide we need to pull through. Bear in mind that teaching is a difficult since we are dealing with children or teenagers with raw skills, knowledge, and wisdom. It clearly shows that with lesson plans we will be able to impart the things they need to do the best of our abilities. When we are new to teaching, a detailed lesson plan is essential because it gives us confidence. By thinking of all the steps, all the procedures, all the materials needed, all the types of interactions that might take place along with predicting the time each activity will last, we get the olfactory perception of being ready for the lesson. By thoroughly planning a lesson, we reduce the chances of being caught off-guard, something that can be very frustrating to any teacher, but that can be especially difficult to those new to the job. No matter how long weve been teaching, its always important to ask ourselves questions like these as we plan, reflect and work to plan a lesson.What will my students have conditioned after this lesson is over? What will they be able to do by the end of it that they werent able to do in the lead? How will this lesson help them progress in their learning? Most important, how will I help them to get there? When planning lessons, besides considering what I will talk about, how I will talk about it and what materials I will use as I talk about it, I try to predict possible difficulties and questions the students might have so I can be ready to address those. This helps me fit the lesson within the bigger view of the term and the content I am supposed to cover. I reflect on the balance between types of activities and types of learners. That will makes me calmer before teaching. More than planned, I am prepared. In completing the lesson plan, Im choosing to use a backward mapping design. Backward design is a method of designing educational syllabus by sterilizeting goals before choosing instructional methods and forms of assessment.Backward design of curriculum typically involves three stages which are identify the results desired, determine acceptable levels of evidence that sanction that the desired results have occurred and design activities that will make desired results happen. Backward design challenges traditional methods of curriculum planning. In traditional curriculum planning, a itemization of content that will be taught is created and/or selected. In backward design, Im as a future educator starts with goals, creates or plans out assessments and finally makes lesson. My goals subtopic of needs and wants were express meaning of needs and wants, distinguish between needs and wants and sketch the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.Supporters of backward design liken the process to using a road map. In this case, the destination is chosen first and then the road map is used to plan the trip to the desired destination. In contrast, in traditional curriculum planning there is no formal destination identified before the journey begins. The idea in backward design is to teach toward the end point or learning goals, which typically ensures that content taught remains focused and organized. This, in turn, aims at promoting better understanding of the content or processes to be learned for students. Im able to focus on addressing what th e students need to learn, what data can be collected to show that the students have learned the desired outcomes and how to ensure the students will learn.4.0 Personal ReflectionIn my opinion, the skills I used during my session were regarding voice projection, communication and classroom management. Im asked a few friends about my voice projection and I get a positive answer that my voice is very clear. I know that teachers voice needs to be effective in a variety of circumstances. As a teacher, I need to be audible. Students at the back of the class must be able to hear my voice as well as those at the front. I need a voice which projects well and fitly in all these circumstances and which is also pleasant to listen to. I think that teachers do not have to shout to be heard or to make students understood. Good voice projection is more important than volume. Speaking too softly or unpleasantly loudly is both irritating and uncooperative for students. Expressive voices, used in an imaginative way, draw students in and make them want to pay attention and listen. If such a voice has quality and liveliness, they will be motivated to attend, participate and learn. Regarding communication skills, Im sure that Im good in that during my microteaching session because Im able to explain the content of lesson using methods that my students can understand. Communication can help me better interact with students.A teachers ability to communicate on all levels will help students who progress at different paces. Actually, I think that Im cannot fully utilize my teaching skills because the time provided only 15 minutes. However, Im already trying my best to complete my microteaching. As an attention grabber or induction set, Im using my bridal cloth and a medicine to show interconnection between needs and wants. During the microteaching session, I have seen that i can attract my students attention to the lesson. Im prepared two activities to be completed in 15 minutes incl udes my intro and summaries. The activities were presentation that Im already gives a week before and a game that I called as spontan. During the time provided, Im able to complete all activities as planned and give a create verbally exercise regarding the topic lesson.In completing this session, Im choosing cooperative learning. Cooperative learning, which will be the primary focus of the class, is a specific amiable of cooperative learning. In cooperative learning, students work together in small conclaves on a structured activity. They are individually accountable for their work, and the work of the group as a whole is also assessed. Cooperative groups work face-to-face and learn to work as a team. In small groups, students can dole out strengths and also develop their weaker skills. They develop their interpersonal skills. They learn to deal with conflict. When cooperative groups are guided by clear objectives, students engage in numerous activities that improve their under standing of subjects explored. In order to create an environment in which cooperative learning can take place, three things are necessary. First, students need to feel safe, but also challenged. Second, groups need to be small enough that everyone can contribute.Third, the task students work together on must be clearly defined. The cooperative and collaborative learning techniques presented here should help make this possible for teachers. The most important things that influence my teaching design and delivery were about instructional strategies and the induction set in order to attract students attention. Im realizing that in this century, I need to focus more on students. So, I must prepare a lesson plan or activities that used students centred instructional strategies. Student-centred teaching methods shift the focus of activity from the teacher to the learners. Student-centred methods have repeatedly been shown to be superior to the traditional teacher-centred approach to instr uction, a conclusion that applies whether the assessed outcome is short-term mastery, long-term retention, or depth of understanding of course material, acquisition of critical thinking or creative problem-solving skills, fundamental law of positive attitudes toward the subject being taught or level of confidence in knowledge or skills. Induction set also importance in teaching.I know that set induction is the important part those teachers always do at the beginning of teaching and learning process. The objective of set induction is to upgrade the students to attract and make them concentrate their attention towards teachers presentation. The most effective ways to present set induction by using teaching aids, related situation with the lesson, motivation, questioning technique, revision of related topic and much more. Then, we can relate with the topic that we will teach them at that day. In determine good set induction we must know it is suitable with their ability and also expe rience. Also the activity ought to relate closely to the lesson content that follows.5.0 ConclusionFrom this microteaching experience, I have learned more than I could imagine. It gave me the practice I needed in constructing lesson plans and finally getting up in front of the class and teaching not just reading off a project. I am more aware of watching out for discipline issues because they are constantly in the back of my mind and I am constantly looking out for them. I feel that I am much more confident going my practicum now that I have completed the microteaching and it has allowed me to start thinking about what to expect in the class. I have come to find out that when in a classroom, anything is possible, so I have to be ready.ReferencesBurden, P. R., & Byrd, D. M. (2013). Methods for Effective Teaching (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice-Hall.Cruickshank, D.R. Bainer, D.L. and Metcalf, K.K. (1999). The Act of Teaching, 2nd Edition. Boston McGraw Hill College

Factors of Planning and Other Functions of Management Essay

With over 300,000 people world wide, AT&T is truly a global sh atomic number 18 500 company with a significant presence in the communication industry. With proud growth, executives and managers need to develop a strategy that allows AT&T to yoke with their customers and manage the contri plainlying factors to their success.As stated in the AT&T Annual Report (2007), AT&T was able to increase their annual income by 98.3%. This amazing growth occurred in all sectors of their revenue stream and made 2007 a historic year financially for AT&T. AT&T Chairman, chief operating officer and President, Mr. Randall Stephenson also states in the annual report (2007, p. 8) there is one word that best describes what AT&T does and it is connected. A simple vision that clearly describes what AT&T does for their customers to drive growth in their organization.In order for a company to succeed in todays market, the product appeal to a global audience is imperative. Although AT&T did not begin as a b usiness that offered products and services globally, AT&Ts network promptly includes 38 internet data centers on four continents across the globe (AT&T, 2008). AT&T offers a variety of communication products and services that appeal to individuals and companies. The train for these types of products and services is on the rise, especially within major corporations. Given this demand, AT&T has developed and maintained an advanced and powerful communications network. AT&T is an industry leader of communication services, which serves millions of individuals and businesses on six continents (AT&T, 2008).The economy is an external factor that influences how AT&T manages rapid change. For framework, with home foreclosures at a indicate high, the demand for landline tele scream service is decreasing. Meanwhile the demand for wireless service is increasing. AT&T slip aways to focus on advancing wireless products (AT&T, Vonage, 2008). AT&T has acquired legion(predicate) smaller wireles s providers, which allows them to become the top provider of wireless services in the United States. Cingular wireless is one of the wireless companies that AT&T bought out. After the purchase of Cingular wireless, AT&T began, promoting the new AT&T, the one-stop shop for all kinds of communicationsand entertainment services (Goodbye Cingular, 2007).As early as 1885, AT&T began providing telephone service in the United States. To see the vast growth in their engineering over the past 100 age is amazing. The service initially started with one-line calls or the ability for solitary(prenominal) one person to make a telephone call at a time and it nowadays services over 70 million customers. The costs train decreased significantly over the decades as well. In 1892, a long distance phone call from New York to Chicago would cost about $9 for the first five minutes rather expensive for that period in time.Today, AT&T has grown to be the worlds largest communications carrier and provide s services for a broad spectrum of customers from residential to commercial, like the Fortune 1000 companies. Other than the classifiable local and long distance articulate services for the residential customer, AT&T also provides high speed internet access, home networking, Wi-Fi, and wireless voice and data services. According to AT&Ts website (2008), they provide businesses with access to one of the worlds most advanced IP networks. AT&T provides the corporate community with technologies, such as, Voice over IP (VoIP), enterprise mobility solutions and Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections.To keep up with todays immensely growing field of technology, AT&T (2008) recently switched on the nations first coast-to-coast IP/MPLS network In the United States alone, AT&Ts wired network encompasses 61.6 million access lines and has 14.2 million high speed internet subscribers. In 2008, AT&T plans to expand their current 64,000 Wi-Fi igneous spots to more than 70,000 locations also launch more of their multi-screen services.AT&T embraces technological innovation to convert ideas rapidly into useful products and services. AT&Ts management and planning functions focus on the company and its customers while applying principles of sound, responsible and forward-looking stewardship to the needs of society. Today, AT&T is rethinking management functions and planning in call of the Internet and new culture and capabilities. E-business (electronic business), derived fromsuch terms as e-mail and e-commerce, is the conduct of business on the Internet, not only buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners.E-business allows AT&T and other companies to use the Web to buy parts and supplies from other companies, to collaborate on sales promotions, and to accede in joint research. AT&Ts involvement with technology innovation such as e-business influences a range of criteria, including customer relationship performance, sales-base d outcomes, and a general measure of organizational performance. The moderating role of AT&Ts management teams involvement suggests that management championing the initiatives is crucial for successful results of the e-business market tendencies and new business development possibilities (AT&T, 2008).Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone call to Watson about 150 years ago. single century ago, there were 10,000 telephone companies battling for their share in the voice communication market. AT&T battling in the communications market, realized in order to continue innovation, a sustained research and development component was needed. Early in 1925, AT&T determined they could not do this alone and made a series of strategic acquisitions and uniform standards. In the late 20th century, AT&T acquired Bell Labs that focused on computers, information and communications science.According to AT&T (2008), Recognized as a pioneer in the IT revolution of the late 1990s, direction of i nnovation at AT&T Labs influences not only the ways we live and work today but our lives and the workplace of the future. With these guiding principles, our work in development, creativity and innovation lead to improved social, economic and environmental opportunities for AT&T communities. (13)AT&T has made significant innovative contributions to the history of American business and global technology. Listed are a few of these accomplishments includingHigh-fidelity put down (1925), First TV transmission (1927), Trans-Atlantic radiotelephone (1929), Radio astronomy (1933), The transistor (1937), The first computer (1939), The laser (1960), Optical fiber communication (1977), Cellular technology (1983), Speech recognition and synthesis (1992), Voice over IP technology (1995), Quantum computing (1999), Internet Project predictive and proactivenetwork security (2005) (AT&T, 2008).AT&T noted on their website (2008), Despite its pioneering efforts in other areas of the company, includin g diverseness, customer service and human resources, AT&Ts reputation for innovation trunk closely tethered to AT&T Labs.( 4)AT&T realizes that diverse, talented and dedicated people is key to the companys success. In fostering diversity and inclusion, AT&T has created a better business environment, one that makes the company an employer of choice, a preferred business partner and important contributor to the community. The companys school of thought is to provide employees with continued opportunities to grow and develop their careers.Management is charged with successful implementation of various diversity initiatives as part of this philosophy. AT&T leading are expected to understand the importance of cultural competency. To support this principle, AT&T provides career development initiatives. AT&Ts commitment to diversity remains a top priority for the company. AT&Ts diverse workforce is an asset to the company and a result of its commitment to parent and hire the very best talent. AT&T currently conducts business in more than 150 languages and advertises in top languages in selected states. AT&T leaders and employees practice respect for differences in their daily interactions. By understanding the various regions served, AT&T management is better positioned to plan for and meet the laughable needs of customers wherever it does business (AT&T, 2008).With over 300,000 working for AT&T ensuring ethical behavior is very important. Ethics and Governance are the standards in which the company, including all employees, must adhere to in all aspects of conducting business internally and externally. AT&T has adopted a simple statement Do what is right as their motto for ethical conduct by all employees and directors. (Governance, 2003-2008)AT&T has four guiding principles stated in their Code of Ethics and directional Principles manual on how to treat customers, investors and employees. Those principles are Talk straight and Follow Through, Lead by Example , Work Together, and Deliver our Future.These four statements are the fabric to AT&Ts principles and make it clear as to what is expected when working for or dealing with AT&T. In todaysenvironment, ethics have become a serious issue. Directors and managers, as well as employees, are becoming more liable with respect to moral decisions they make at work. Enron is an example of how deceit by a few individuals caused such a ripple effect on the finances of many. Companies like AT&T need to flavour the moral being of each employee to ensure its customers, shareholders and all parties vested in them are not affected by ones poor judgment.In concluding, with this impressive growth, executives and managers needed to develop a strategy that allowed AT&T to connect with their customers and manage the contributing factors to their success. Through innovation and diversity, AT&T has grown from a company that started with one-line calling to a multi-million conglomerate, servicing millions of customers around the globe. In keeping up with technology and continuing to implement new corporate strategies, AT&T will continue to grow both financially and globally. AT&T will continue to be a leader in their field for many years to come.ReferencesAT&T Inc., (2008), All about AT&T Company, Retrieved April 8, 2008, from att.comAT&T Inc. (2007) Annual Report, p. 8, 29.AT&T, Inc. (2008), retrieved April 8, 2008, from att.com/gen/investor-relationsAT&T. (2008). Enterprise Services. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from att.com/gen/general/AT&T Governance, integrated Social Responsibility (2003-2008). AT&T Knowledge Venture, Retrieved April 10, 2008, from att.com/corporate/citizenship/htmlAT&T, Vonage, Comcast spool the economy. (2008, January). TelecomWeb News Break. Retrieved April 6, 2008, ProQuest database, University Library.Goodbye Cingular, hello again AT&T AT&Ts acquisition of Bell South began process. (2007, May 21). The New York Times, Grand Rapids Press, Grand Rapids, MI, Retrie ved April 9, 2008, from ProQuest database, University Library,

Managing Information Essay

IntroductionWith n first 40 years experience has seen the labor change many convictions, and has always kept itself at the forefront of thatchange. Its reputation is a source of pride for all who take up a leak here, and its just aboutwhatthing were crisp to preserve and develop the only way possible through satisfying our clients. We turn in developed into a leading multidisciplinary contractor offering a genuinely comprehensive, integrated service to clients in development, construction, energy and many other sectors. ( understand appendix 1 for cheekal charts of party)My contrast role in spite of appearance the organisation is rest a varied one in that my day to day activities be never quite the same, precisely to summarise my main duties include submitting monthly applications in line with the various contracts worked on for example NEC and JCT to name scarcely a few, attending target progress concourses with a range of clients from the commercial / expert and construction departments, submitting internal applications and working progress, attending internal financial coming upons with the Financial Director / Demolition Director and charge Accountant and producing a report with the comprehension of monthly forecasts, attending meetings with Contracts Managers and Estimating managing director to discuss and produce budget and target sheets, completion of contract sum analysis and end life forecasts which ar and and so discussed and agreed by the Demolition Director, overseeing a wide variety of sub contractors from different construction disciplines used which requires the need to send out bidding packages, elevator and awarding sub contract grazes, raising of sub contract payments after tasking applications received. All the above assists in the monitoring of various contracts and get a lines hurtles be delivered on time in spite of appearance budget and the client receives maximum satisfaction to secure future work oppor tunities.1.0 Understand the Management of training within the organisation 1.1 Critically assess culture hang through a number of different channels within the organisation Throughout the organisation at that interject is various different types of intimacy used which is withdrawred passim the organisation in several capacities. Information in general depict as belowProduction and Operational Information on assets / choice / standards Financial Information Profit / Costs / Margins / Cash Flow / Targets Internal Documentation Purchase Orders / Delivery Notes / Invoices & Applications / Credit Notes / Departmental reports / Department Meetings and minutes / study Sheets / Plant Sheets and Information / Allocation Sheets and Plant Returns / Employees Records / Cost Books & Tender Information / Applications and Invoices (Client) All the above is aided with an Integrated Management SystemThis Integrated Management System outlines how Cuddy plans to satisfy the Quality req uirement of ISO90012008 (Quality Management System Specification) wellness & safety requirements of OHSAS180012007 (Occupational Health & safe Assessment Series 18001) Environmental requirements of ISO140012004 (Environmental Management Systems Specification) by operating a framework based on these requirements This Integrated Management System is intended to directly meet the requirements of the succeeding(a) legislation and regulations Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 Section 2(3) requires organisations to gather in a Health & Safety policy which should include Statement of Intent (i.e. Health & Safety mission)Organisation (i.e. structure, roles & responsibilities)Arrangements (i.e. action and guidance)Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Regulation 5 requires organisations to have arrangements for under taking printin arrive at planning, organisation, control, monitoring and re check of the preventive and defensive health and safety measures. HSG65 Succe ssful Health & Safety Management This guidance outlines the management system requirements for implementing the arrangements essential within regulation 5 of the Management of Health and Safety & Work Regulations 1999. This Integrated Management System ordain provide the mechanism for managing other legislative, regulatory and other policy requirements (e.g. risk assessment, training, etc). Above crimp taken from CuddyTo be read alongside the IMS as an aid is the followingStandard surgical processsForms and Guidance NotesStandard Operating ProceduresCertificates, Insurances, LicencesPolicy StatementsStandard COSHH and Risk AssessmentsAs touched(p) on there ar various different ways in which the entropy is transferred throughout the organisation with the use of electronic, hard copy and communicate for the various types, all this aids us to capture the different types of hard and soft selective information we need in order to ensure a project is a successful one. Soft info rmation includes ascertainings, perceptions, opinions protects on the other hand hard information includes verifi equal data and knowledge. http//onemind.com/2010/03/07/hard-and-soft-information/I have touched on how information is transferred internally and specifically in the office and from a motorcoachs point of view through various different capacities but havent gone into depth how information is transferred to the boys on the front line on site. As I currently see it within the caller there is clear breakdown in communication from when we tender and win a clientele to what information is received on site and in point how the site personnel be managed on that specific job In relation to what exactly we priced.This I believe is impacting on the duration we be taking to complete the job and impacting on the possibility of qualification the job as successful as possible, also this may have a negative effect on the company as whole whilst tendering for works in the futur e. As part of the IMS there are surgical procedures in place (listed below), but neither allows for the mode and information to be transferred to site. To summarise from the information that is transferred needs to be clear, simple and set out in the way in which the site supervisory program understands what is required in order to ensure the project is successful. Place for Enquiry, tender and contract reviewProject DeliveryAs a brief understanding in abduce to specifically the Demolition Department we have an estimating director who get out visit the sites which require pricing and produce a cost book papers which is passed to thedemolition director and managing director for comment before submitting what they believe to be our most competitive tender and or bid. If we are lucky enough to be successful in winning that specific job the cost book along with the tender information go forth be passed to the applicable contracts manager and measuring rod surveyor in order to g enerate a budget / target sheet and an extent of works sheet. This is when the nerve centre managers have the opportunity to raise any queries regarding the job with the estimating director or the demolition director on what exactly has been allowed and priced for.The next step in the current process is for the tender information to be copied and a site file produced and passed to the supervisor in order to carry out the works. The cost book, target / budget sheet is non passed onto site and this is just for fictitious character among the middle managers and directors of the company for the protection of vital information. Therefore I propose we come up with a procedure that allow allow the equable transfer of information to site and give a clear indication of what exactly has been allowed in the tender. In setting this procedure I hope to link the gap between site and the information held at the office, and in doing so hold regular meetings with agendas, minutes disturbed.1. 2 Propose improvements to the flow of information within your body politic of responsibility, based on your organisational assessment Due to my job role being one in which I try to minimise cost and enhance value you for money, I believe in setting clear and simple targets to the Supervisors on site this bequeath empower them and give them incentives and a clear understanding on what needs to be compassd in order to ensure the job awarded becomes a successful and profitable one. As mentioned previously in the current situation the Supervisors are given the tender information and briefly justifyed the job but in some gumptions are left to run the job with open ended targets and no clear sense of direction or management, this is turn is cavictimization jobs to run over and us non maximising profitability.Currently the transfer of information from tender stage stops at the middle managers point. The reasons being for this is due to confidentiality of the information contained with in the cost book and target / budget sheet and as managers there is information we do not want the site operatives to see. Therefore the first action in the procedure would be to hold a pre start meeting or sign meeting or the like on site with the following being in attendance. The reason I have listed the below as typically they give be deciding factor on how well a job goes Relevant Contracts ManagerRelevant Quantity SurveyorRelevant aim SupervisorWithin this meeting the job as a whole would be discussed briefly only. In demolition for example it is possible to break a general job up into the following categories Site set upAsbestos RemovalSoft StripDemolition to top of slabRemoval of slabs and foundationsCrush tangibleClear SiteAs you stub see from above generally there are a few different categories of work required to be carried out on a typical demolition job. Therefore I believe we should not choose to discuss the whole job in period but targets given for each individual work activity only, as if we discuss the job in detail this may cause the supervisor to go into his / her shell and be intimi pick upd before the job has even commenced. Therefore within this procedure it willing be downcast down into the specific work activities and depending on the size of the job these work activates could even be broken up into phases if need be. For example in the first pre start meeting or initial meeting the general site set up would be discussed and particular what is required in respect of cabins / welfare / heras fencing to name a few items and the location of where we intend to site up site.As it currently stands the contracts manager usually sets up the site but I believe if we have the supervisor on board early doors and allow him to have an input of the set up required / location this will give him a sense of pride and authority that he is in charge of the site. What site set up thats required usually depends on the size of the site but typically th is usually takes a week or longer and under current H&S and CDM Regulations 2007 no works are to commence unless the following are in place Flushing toilets and running water and drainage systems.Washing Facilities with hot and cold water.Soap or other suitable means of cleaning.Towels or other suitable means of drying.Sufficient ventilation and lighting.Sinks large enough to wash lay out, men and forearms.Drinking Water.Changing rooms and lockers.Rest Facilities and heating.After initial site set up has been completed another progress meeting will be held on site with a specific target position out for the work activity in question. Generally on a demolition site Asbestos Removal usually has to take place before we can commence soft strip depending on what type of asbestos and in line with the specific site asbestos report in place. But for example if we take the job as a linear project and the soft strip cannot commence until after the asbestos, then within this meeting we disc uss in length the asbestos remotion and set a clear target with the input from the supervisor. Typical of example of this target could be again depending on size of the site but take for arguments sake we take it as the site is split up into 5 phases.Phase 1 -10 Men x 6 WeeksPhase 2-5 Men x 3 WeeksPhase 3 -8 Men x 5 WeeksPhase 4 -8 Men x 2 WeeksPhase 5 -6 Men x 6 WeeksThe groundwork will put in by the middle managers to ensure the target above is in line with the cost book and or target / budget sheet, and in line with this procedure it will attempt to set it out as basic as possible in order to attempt to take as much pressure off as possible. Weekly progress meeting will be held after the initial meeting in order to reflect on the previous weeks activity. Within this meeting it will be an opportunity for the supervisor to assess his military operation and the performance of his team on site, in doing so will be a self appraisal tool for the supervisor without knowing. It will als o give the middle managers an update of current position in respect of the targets set out and give an opportunity to amend or changeanything that is not soft working correctly and keep the things that are. The meetings will continue on a weekly floor with clear targets and open and frank discussions with input from all parties to pee a sense of a team as I believe this will help with the running of the job.Constant communication will be held throughout on a daily basis to ensure all parties are certain of constant ongoing on site. When works have been completed the concluding action in the procedure would be to have a post contract meeting again with all parties where all the information is discussed /analysed / targets reviewed and the like. This will be handy in going forward and used as a tool to gather date / information. This information could be ply back to the estimating director and demolition director in order to have the full circle should a similar job arise in the future. The above will be written out in a clear procedure therefore should someone leave the company, or the job being transferred to someone else then everyone will be aware what is required of them. SeeAppendix 4 for proposed new ProcedureBy putting in place the above procedure it will aid with spoken, electronic and hard information and the transfer of. Spoken Due to the nature of the procedure it encourages the daily dialogue between managers and the site supervisors. Hard Copies Agendas and proceeding will be taken of all meetings taken placed, which will be updated electronically and permeated accordingly. Electronic Targets will be collated and circulated, along with copy of the minutes.2.0 Gather and take information to watch decisions to solve problems in your area of responsibility 2.1 Collect information from a wide range of sources to support management decision-making Site Managers / Supervisors literal examples from site managers / supervisors stating that the lack of information in respect of the scope / tender inclusions is having a negative impact on the overall performance of our jobs. As mentioned this is transferred verbally therefore we will have to take into account of its reliability and lustiness.As mentioned previously there is a clear breakdown in the flow of informationfrom when we price and win a job to the information passed onto site and the management of that information in order to make the job as successful as possible. This is readily backed up from verbal conversations with the site supervisors themselves who are unsure of what the extents of works are and the possible impact this is having on the duration of the projects? Specifically within the Construction Industry as a manager the below is at the forefront of every decision we make.The triangle illustrates the family relationship between three primary winding forces in a project. Time is the available time to deliver the project, cost represents the amount of money or resources available and quality represents the fit-to-purpose that the project must achieve to be a success. http//www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-management-scope-triangle.html But ultimately the decisions we make from site level up the chain to the managing directors determine the outcome. Below is evidence that everyone makes decisions.Above it shows the impact and grandeur of decisions with regards to the Cuddy Group it is possible to split the three groups up into the following gamy Value -Managing Directors and DirectorsMedium Value-Middle Managers e.g. Contracts Managers and Quantity Surveyors Low Value-Site Managers and Site PersonnelQuiet very much when making a decision we use past knowledge in order to aid and assist us. Past knowledge or the information that is generally contained within the brains of individuals is generally known as tacit knowledge. This knowledge is continually getting updated and revised depending on learning, experiences and insight. The re are various different types of knowledge and this is summarised in various exemplars. One of the widely accepted approaches to summarising knowledge management is the Nonaka & Takeushi, (see appendix 9 for web location) Below are a couple of diagrams video display the matrix.Nonaka & Takeuchi model the process of organisational knowledge creation as a spiral in which knowledge is amplified through these four modes of knowledgeconversion.Quote taken from distinguish notes.Along with the specific project management matrix / flow and knowledge diagrams there is general management information available that will aid in decision making see below.Reliability and Validity Model (see appendix 9 for web location)Knowledge Classifications Model (see appendix 9 for web location) honorable decisions make good projects, so what makes a good decision (and, hence, a good project)? The answer is, one thats well planned. But then you run into the question of how long the decision-making proces s should take. Well, the last thing we need is a new formal methodology for decision-makingnothing would ever get done. Thats why Id like to propose several useful rules you can apply to decision-makingConsider the importance of the decision. To determine the importance of a decision, ask yourself What are the consequences for both the project and for you? In reality, how urgent is the decision? (Note that theres a difference between important and urgent.) Ask yourself if there are much options. In other words, if youre choosing between three options, ask yourself if theres also a fourth option. Think about stakeholders opinions. Have you listened to the opinions of stakeholders in the decision? You should. Even though they may not like your ultimate decision, theyll have to live with it. Concede the fact that youre going to make some irrational decisions. We often make decisions almost by reflex, using a combination of experience, data analysis, gut feelings, fear, personal prefer ence, and peer pressure.Im not opineing that you shouldnt take into account your sense of self-preservation, the views of your team, or your recollections about why a previous project caused you grief. You just need to be aware that each new situation demands a clear point of view and a fresh decision otherwise, the same mistakes will recur. Remember that even some small choices can have big consequences. Dont underestimate the possibility that major consequences could result from seemingly insignificant choices you make along the way.http//www.techrepublic.com/ bind/decisions-decisions-make-them-timely-wisely-and-responsibly/1049740 Along with the information above collated from the web I have also read the following text books / Management books. human language technology Pocketbook (see appendix 10) savory Employees, A practical guide for busy leaders & managers (see appendix 10) Both books aid management and in particular with decision making. In respect of the NLP Pocketbook i t produmitaly focus on yourself and your actions, It works on a SMART final stage setting strategy. SMART goal setting is Specific Measurable doable Realistic and within a outlined Time Frame.SSpecific and positiveM Measurable and meaningful to youAAchievable and crowning all areas of your life, stated in the present tense as if you have achieved it now RRealistic and right for youTTimes and targeted, towards what you want.In addition to SMART goal setting, NLP incorporates a process called creating a grammatic outcome. Creating a well-formed outcome involves asking a series of questions that will help you clarify your goal. They will help you to ascertain how important the goal is to you, how (if necessary) to revise it and make it to a greater extent achievable.Well formed outcome questionsIs the goal stated positively? What do you want? (Eg, wanting to increase company profits rather than a literary argument about reducing the loss) Can you start and maintain the process of a chieving the goal by yourself, and keep it in your control? Does the goal include all the senses? How will you know you have achieved it? What will you feel, see and hear when you have achieved it? What will other people fee, see and say when you have achieved it? Is the context clearly defined? How long will it take? Who will be involved? Where will it take place? How will it be achieved? When do you want it? Have you check that it is ecological or meaningful for you, ie is it worth the investment in time and money? Does the outcome fit in with your life and who you are? Does the goal keep those aspects of the present situation you want to preserve, ie are there positive elements you wish to maintain? Does it identify the resources you need those you already haveor those you need to acquire? What first step must you take? What are the next steps?Abstract directly taken from the NLP Pockebook.But in contrast to the above the Engaging Employees, A practical guide for busy leaders & managers text book focuses predominately on how to get the best out of your team. See contents page taken from the text book to back this up.Is starts with youPlanning to communicateUnderstanding your audienceEngaging people in change slope to face mattersTeam meetings getting it togetherHigh Impact presentationsChecking youre getting throughEffective email at lastThe write stuff.2.2 consider the information collected from a wide variety of sources, to inform decision-makingProject Management ModelsWhen project managing a job in construction there are various different types of models that we are able to follow some of which I have given examples of but ultimately the primary focus specifically within the construction industry is the triangle between the three primary forces. Delivering the job on time, within budget to a senior high standard.Decision making modelWith the triangle in mind we all have to make decisions of variable impact and volume as is set out in the decision m aking model. With this in mind managing information and the decisions we make are key. By not making a decision youre making a decision to not make a decision taken from the ILM class notes. The decisions we make as a business ultimately determines how successful the outcome is, and in particular the flow of information within the company to aid our decision making is critical. Therefore before we makeany decisions we have to take into account the impact of the decisions we are making. Nonaka & takeuchi modelWhen making a decision we usually take into account past experiences / doing otherwise defined as Tacit Knowledge. Under the Nonaka & Takeuchi model it explains the relationship and how we can turn Tacit Knowledge into Explicit knowledge which can be readily transmitted to others. Most common forms of expressed knowledge are manual, documents and procedures in our organisation we can relate to the ILM system and the various procedures in place. Please see below which makes good reading. The patent had attempted to be bought by a buyer in other words the tacit knowledge had attempted to be turned into explicit knowledge but due to it by jeopardy not being documented correctly or the vogue in which it was presented not being explained correctly it failed.Therefore the tacit knowledge that had been turned into explicit knowledge was little or no use to the buyer. We must bare this in mind if we are relying too heavily on explicit knowledge and in particular how reliable the knowledge is? In the same sense its possible to categorise Wikipedia as explicit knowledge but we have to take into account the source and what past experience or where the information originated from before using it to make a decision. Bessemer stigma process Bessemer sold a patent for his advanced steel making process and was sued by the purchasers who couldnt get it to work. In the end Bessemer set up his own steel company because he knew how to do it, even though he could not con vey it to his patent users. Bessemers company became one of the largest in the world and changed the face of steel making.15 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledgeMeasuring Validity and Reliability modelWhen gathering information to make a decision we must take in the hardihood and reliability of what we flavor to achieve. Especially within the construction industry there is specific ways in which to measure or calculate something and this can be best described as the below.ReliabilityReliability refers to how consistent a measuring device is. A metre is said to be reliable or consistent if the measurement can produce similarresults if used again in similar circumstances. For example, if a speedometer gave the same readings at the same speed it would be reliable. If it didnt it would be pretty useless and unreliable.Importantly reliability of self-report measures, such as psychometric tests and questionnaires can be assessed using the split half method. This involves splitti ng a test into two and having the same participant doing both halves of the test. If the two halves of the test provide similar results this would suggest that the test has internal reliability.http//www.holah.karoo.net/reliabilityandvalidity.htmIn respect of validity this refers to the extent of what we are measuring and what we hope to measure.ValidityThis refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine. Questionnaires are said to often lack validity for a number of reasons. Participants may lie give answers that are desired and so on. It is argued that qualitative data is more valid than quantitative data.http//www.holah.karoo.net/reliabilityandvalidity.htmBoth the reliability and validity have categories in themselves in which we can use to measure if they are achieving what we set out to achieve. To summarise we need to be mindful if we are using specific data or gathered information if its reliable and valid in terms of what we are hoping t o achieve and fit for purpose.Information to Knowledge ManagementWith respect of the next model it gives us an insight of how the ever evolving computer industry and in particular the capacity to store and distribute data / information is enabling personnel learning and also the capacity to make correct decision in going forward. Given an example that is relevant to the Cuddy group is the below. We are able to save / store and distribute raw facts and figures on a particular job and in doing so we are able to see if a job was successful in respect of profit? We then can moveon to give meaning to the obtained data in respect of information and give reasons why that job was successful?We then can analyse the derived information and understand what we did well on that job. This will then give us the wisdom going forward to know what to do for the best on other jobs. As mentioned evolving technology is aiding us with the transfer and storing of this information and aiding us with the ca pability of personnel learning. There are various examples and models that differ slightly some of which I have given examples but all cover the above. General Management ToolsAs the assignment is targeted at middle managers I have looked into the impact that decisions have and what to consider before making decisions? As a rule the following appliesConsider the importance of the decisionAsk yourself if there are more optionsThink about stakeholders opinionsConcede youre going to make some irrational decisionsRemember that even small choice have big consequencesI also looked into how SMART goal setting and how to engage with employees.2.3 recitation this analysis of information to make and justify a management decision Using the analysis and the information collated along with the procedure I believe this will better the flow of information throughout the company.The triangleThe procedure will aid with delivering the job on time within budget and to a high standard. Delivering the job on time By having weekly meetings on site and the constant daily dialogue this should enable any problems to be caught at an early stage and thus giving time to nip in the bud the potential to impact on progress and in particular the end date which quiet often is key to a job being a successful one from a clients point of view. Within Budget Due to the procedure allowing for a review of the target v actual on a weekly basis this will enable weekly monitoring of the budget to ensure everything is on track, atm there if only an allowance of monthly reporting and its possible for any job to change dramatically from month to month. High Standard Again as the procedure allows for the contractsmanager / quantity surveyor to visit site at least once a week with the supervisor having chance to put his / hers views across together this should raise standards.Decision making modelIn reference to the procedure this will reiterate the fact that everyone makes decisions especially as minu tes will be keep, actions assigned and closed out as and when this occurs.Nonaka & Takeuchi ModelWith the procedure in place it will allow for smoother transfer of tacit knowledge into Explicit Knowledge. This will be done by taking minutes monitoring progress against targets and reporting this information back to directors / managing directors in order to have the full cycle.Validity and ReliabilityUnder the procedure progress meetings will be held on site this will allow us to audit and monitor the reliability and the validity of the information we are being told by the site manager / supervisor. This will be used as a checking tool before information is transferred around the company to directors and managing directors alike.Knowledge ManagementWith the procedure set in place where minutes are taken / targets are monitored it will allow for us to save / store and distribute raw facts. Also with the weekly minutes we will be to give meaning to the obtained data for example why we missed out specific targets? Why we bettered targets? From this then we can analyse the information and understand how and why? This will then enable us to make the correct decisions in going forward. Along with the analysing the above models and information, I have taking account of why from a managers point of view why the procedure in place will aid with the running of jobs on site and the transfer of information.With regards to the current situation of producing the cost book that is translated to a target / budget sheet, this information will be little or no use to the supervisor for a number of reasons listed below Information overcharge Due to the nature of the document this may cause confusion in the way the document is set out, therefore as set out in the procedure by breaking things the whole job down into specific tasks this will more thanlikely take the pressure off and give a clear understanding of what is required and expected off of them. This is likely to make them less intimated and more confident as if they are clear More hands on and practical The academic level of a supervisor generally is not the same as what we would normally expect from a middle manager in that the cost book / target and budget sheet will not be fit for purpose if passed onto the supervisor, therefore the information should be broken down so it is easily understood. Team ethos As it currently stands the information is passed to the supervisor with no clear direction and management give, therefore by employing the proposed procedure this will then bridge the gap and increase the we are in it together approach. Why will meetings be held face to face?Sense of sizeableness By making the effort to travel to site, as typically our sites are all of the United Kingdom then this will instil into the supervisor the self-reliance he needs in that he got your support should he need it. Ability may not be able to use the computer therefore face to face will enable supervisors to have an opportunity to contribute their input without feeling intimidated Sense of importance By holding the meetings face to face this will enable them to feel like they got you in their corner and in doing so should create a clear divide from site operatives to supervisors. Meetings more personnel Generally meetings face to face are more personnel and can be structured better with agendas / minutes and the like assisting Why will the supervisor in respect of the site operatives be the only site member to be part of the meeting?Clear level of management between site operatives / supervisors and middle managers This will empower the site supervisors and in doing have a clear barrier between the site operatives and himself. Self Worth It will also give the site supervisor the self worth and mutual respect between himself and the middle manager, hopefully this should increase productivity as he is likely to want to do more for the middle manager if he believes he has the respec t. Respect earns respect Company generally uses agency Labour As touched on previously due to the company operating throughout the company there is the need to employ agency labour, by having weekly meetings with the supervisor in attendance again this is creating a clear structure. How the meetings should be conducted?Ability plenty of discussions questions to ensure supervisor gets points youre making. Allow supervisor to have their say and input By asking questions this will allow supervisor to have their say and input. Informally rather than formally, dont want supervisor to feel under spotlight Due to the nature of the construction industry and especially on site it is rather informal, therefore if the meetings are held in the same manner this should enable the middle line managers to get the most out of the supervisors. From analysing the various different models and combining with general middle management responsibilities I believe the procedure I have put in place will significantly help with the transfer of information from site to board level alike.3.0 Disseminate information on a management decision, through the right organisational channels 3.1 Communicate information to team member or other colleagues to meet business objectives, using appropriate organisational channels In reference to the procedure set up this should allow for the constant communication of how a specific job is performing from site level to the board of directors and in particular through the correct organisational channel. To elaborate on the aboveSite Supervisors will have constant dialogue with middle managers on a daily basis, with a weekly progress held on site to discuss performance. Munities of the meeting with be typed up and performance analysed with knowledge added to explain how performance is operating? Are we going to hit our target? Be on time? Within budget? To name a few of the questions answered? This will then in turn be disrupted to the relevant director, finance director and the management accountant. This will then be discussed on weekly basis in the departmental weekly progress meeting, and the fortnightly Trading Review meeting with finance with the relevant directors.This in turn then can be reported back to the MD by the relevant directors when board level meeting happens. As you can see from the procedure put in place we will allow for the reporting from site to board of directors level to be on a weekly basis rather than a monthly as is currently in place, this in turn will give us every opportunity possible to achieve the best possibleoutcome in respect of the construction triangle. Delivering the job on time, within budget to a high standard.3.2 Communicate information to stakeholders or customers to meet business objectives In reference to the procedure as mentioned previously this will allow for the constant flow of information from site to managing directors (stakeholders) to be done on a weekly basis. In respect of cus tomers or clients quiet the construction triangle is key, therefore by having weekly progress meetings this information will be able to be fed back to the client, giving them the confidence that we are putting their needs first the customer is always right ethos

The Beat That Stole My Heart

A Personal Narrative by Giuditta Paci. February 2nd, 2013. The Beat That Stole My flavor It seems corresponding some things have never happened to me or I am an alien from some other distant planet. Human beings surprise me, go me cry, make me muzzle and make me happy. That Saturday night, my alien being went out the house in desperate search of meaningful paths, beautiful smiles, the sounds of music and something that would make my heart flummox just a little faster.Summer was almost over and I was thinking about how strange was the world and how could I perchance find someone to treat some interesting conversation and a obedient dance before the warm and hazy summer nights will turn in to glacial and lonely(prenominal) winter nights. It is not that I was broken hearted by the thought that my patience has strike to its end, and that I may have to spend the last few weeks of summer wondering about a possible date that will never happen. I looked at the vast starry night- sky and continued to walked towards the Bar. I sat at that place thinking about how I wanted to be another person.I longed for interaction with the opposite sex. Eventually, I realized what my main problem was. I felt that I could not overcome all the know obstacles that life had made me face in the past. I recalled everything I have read in books about love as well as everything that I have experienced myself. In the books everything seemed to be much smoother and easier. My main thought was how people can possibly spend their whole life together and stay in love? specially after ending a ten year marriage that three months ago, and experiencing the big disappointment that love does not last forever.The music started and made me feel even more than stupid standing alone at the bar, listening to songs about love and relationships, without anyone here with me to dance or have a meaningful conversation with. I was ready to leave and call it a night. I decided to walk outside to b reath some air before departing. The summer wind woke me up from my dream and I took a mystic breath and looked around. Suddenly I saw this attractive male. He was walking towards me As there was no one else outside, everyone was inside dancing and having a good time or so I thought.He definitely caught my attention. As he was getting closer I felt a strange sensation in my stomach I was nervous and didnt understand why. I had never seen this person before and yet I felt this strange connection. He came up to me and said, Hi Are you enjoying the music? I replied Well, to be honest with you I wasnt really paying attention. I was getting ready to leave. This made him laugh for some reason. I felt a bit irritated as if he had broken my unity with nature and disturbed my thoughts with his presence and questions.All the sudden I took a good look at him. I hadnt really before. He was relatively tall, dark hair, and deep blue eyes. His smile reminded me of those toothpaste TV commercial s. A perfect smile. He had this smooth but primal Aura to him that made him very attractive and sexy. I could not clearly identify the age, but he looked like he was around 30-36 years old. He seemed so peaceful and yet so full of life and adventure, he was definitely in uniformity with himself He had an edgy style. He was dressed appropriately for this type of event. He looked very much like a rock star. Which made me even more curious about him, Part of me has always being attracted to that kind of look At that point I wanted to know who he was and where did he come from? I didnt do a great job with that. Anyhow, this is how the rest of our conversation went. Me, I think I should go home. Its the same thing here every Saturday. I love being around people, but its always the same people. Him, Well I guess you are proficient in a way Although tonight is different at least the music is You should come inside and check out the band. You may just intensify your mind. He looked at m e, smiled, and made the gesture to follow him inside. I agreed to go with him to check out this Band. I thought about how kind of him to sop up me in, at that moment I realized that we hadnt exchanged names yet. I was now following a complete stranger without even penetrating their name. Thats smart I thought Once inside the venue, he went straight on to the stage and sat in front of the drum set. I was shocked. He was the drummer of the band. I have to be honest, I was a little embarrassed with the way I had acted when we were outside.At this point nothing mattered anymore. The music started playing, and I straight got captivated by their sounds. My mood had completely shifted from a depressed moody bitch to completely happy girl Now I was dancing to his beat. My physical structure was moving along with this erotic and Alternative sound. I remember this energy rising thru my spine that made feel alive and aroused. In my mind he was playing for me, or at least thats what It fe lt like to me. A couple of times I directed my gaze at him. He was so amazingly handsome and talented. I can honestly say I could see his soul.He was in a trance like state, just like Shamans when they chant or drum in ceremonies for people who are looking for a way to heal their souls. Now, I was now one of those souls. My soul was not only getting healed but my heart was falling in love. It was not only the music or the way he pulsated on the drums. in that respect was a connection that I had never felt before. I could not understand at that very moment what was happening to me. That night I knew it was press release to be the beginning of a whole new chapter in my life. Maybe after all Those winter nights may not be as cold and long as I thought they would be.

Criminal Justice System Essay

When defining crime it different from country or whitethorn be even states such as in the United State American, according to the law at hand. In this constitution, one will learn the definition of crime as it applies here in the U.S.A in Its relationship to the law, and the two most common models of how society determines which acts are condemnable. One will also take out the government organize as it applies to the criminal referee musical arrangement. Then identify choice theories and their assumptions in regard to crime. Furthermore, describe the components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process. In addition, identify the goals of the criminal justice system. Last but not least, one will address ones thought on if the criminal justice system is a system. Finally, one will summarize the conclusion in its entirety.According to (CJI Interactive, 2013) crime is defined as conduct in violation of the criminal laws of state, the federal government or loca l jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse here in the U.S.A. This only means where one is located determine whether or not it is a crime. The most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal are consensus and the conflict. In ones mind this leads to the description of twain, consensus model has to do with diverse, people thoughts, most society whom shares the same moral value system. Most people animadvert this system is deemed harmful to the society. On the other hand conflict also is consider diverse in mevery ways, however, this group engage in a much power struggle with most dominant groups that makes values about the law. The main thing is without laws people could not say that some(a)thing is a crime.The government structure as it applies to the criminal justicesystem consists of three branches of government Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive in which the whole system work together in preventing crime in the U.S.A . However, there are the criminal justice system for each city or state, three basic segment agencies within the every state the police, courts, and the department of correction. Each of the agencies is components that work together design, and structured to be fair, integrity, and professional. The federal government has shopworn guideline that affects every state. Furthermore, every state has its own guideline of the laws, and some may be different in every State.In the choice theories of people assumptions in regard to crime are consensus and conflict that explain forward in the paper. The over important theories is Due Process and Crime Control. Due process consist of individualization, quality, formality courts. Crime control would consist of standardization, quality, informality, and police. Although they are both different in our society the completion between them if one fails either way with society fail the people. In other words they both system must work not to fail o ur society.The components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process consist of five main components are investigating and arrest, pretrial activities, trail, sentencing, and corrections. These agencies in the criminal justice system work hand-in-hand together as a sequence process of events that le from the arrest to the correction. Together this is the standard process the criminal justice system use in the U.S.A. In all fairness most people thinks that is a fair procedure. The goals of the criminal justice system come in components as well. Most in people are very depending on whom one asks about this, in the people or justice system.According to CJI there are many of goals and different agencies within the system emphasizing the different goals. The role of the criminal justice system is to move in the name of society, when crimes are committed. The five criminal justice goals are deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, restoration. In add ition there is a standard process in any city. Therefore, at the end of the day it is up to whether federal, state, or city decide on what is best for thecriminals. When it is all said and over with the most important footing is to rehabilitate people and make them whole again.In summarizing, when defining crime it different from country or may be even states such as in the United State American, according to the law at hand. One feels as if many people judge the system, however, one think it is there to facilitate and restore us as one. Writing this paper helped one to gain and give knowledge of every day crime madness in the U.S.A as well as what is consider a crime here in our culture. One has learned many things as it refer to the topic in this paper and the major points that are important through research.ReferencesDreden, E. (2013). The Structure of Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.comLegal Schmallager, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today. Upper Saddle Ri ver,, NJ Pearson/ Prentice Hall. CJi Interactive Multi Media, (2011) University of capital of Arizona website

Manipulation in Macbeth

Mac-nipulation In William Shakespeares play Macbeth, objet dartipulation is a very effective device. The main character Macbeth is a puppet controlled by the words overture from the three witches and Lady Macbeth. The four troublemakers provide Macbeth with the motivation and confidence he needs to kill Duncan and perform otherwise dark actions. Macbeth is very ambitious on that points no doubt ab go forth this. However, there is no sign of him changing from a loyal man to a power hungry man. That is until right(prenominal) influences begin to interfere with his life.The people with the greatest impact on Macbeth are his wife, Lady Macbeth and the witches. However, he then learns to interpolate others himself. In the end, all the treachery is revealed and he realizes that he has been a pawn in this whole scheme of achieving absolute power. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband on devil occasions. Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be, what thou art promised level off so d o I fear thy nature it is too full o the milk of human kindness, to catch the nighest way thou wouldst be great (I, v). First she flatters Macbeth and soothes his early fears of committing these dreadful acts.During the party she uses her most powerful persuasion, as she begins to question Macbeths repay and manhood by saying that he is less of a man if he fails in killing Duncan. Macbeth feels so much shame that hes convinced that it is right for him to take action. If it werent for Lady Macbeths harassment, Macbeth would have never gone down this awful road that has an inevitable dead-end. However, the witches are at the roots of all this use. The witches are the outset to raise the possibility of Kingship and persuade Macbeth to act on it. All descend Macbeth hail to thee, Thane of CawdorAll hail Macbeth hail to thee, Thane of Glamis All hail Macbeth thou shat be King hereafter. (I, iii) The witches are polite towards Macbeth. They all hail to him, showing respect and flatte ry. They then offer him a verity, that he is the Thane of Cawdor. When the witches tell Macbeth of the two other prophecies he begins to think to himself of the possibilities of actually becoming King of Scotland. He wonders why the witches said that the prophecies were bad when they are such true(p) news. Once again the witches offer half-truths to Macbeth and he is easily persuaded that hes invincible and almighty. Be Bloody, bold, and resolute laugh to scorn/ the power of man, for none of charr natural/ shall harm Macbeth. (IV, i). Macbeth believes that he is invulnerable because of the visions from the witches. The manipulation of the bloody Child gave Macbeth a false sense of security. Macbeth thinks that there is no person that has non been born(p) of a woman, which is what makes him think he is even more unbeatable. This is the second and last time that Macbeth hears from the witches. Just like the first time, he reacts on impulse to them and winds up being murdered b y Macduff, who was born from a cesarean section.Macbeths first attempt at manipulation was unsuccessful. If you shall cleave to my consent, when tis/ it shall make honor for you. (II, i). Macbeth is nerve-wracking to get Banquo to join him because he suspects Banquo whitethorn know about the murder of Duncan. Banquo is decent and doesnt trust the witches prophecies so he chooses not to join Macbeth. Banquo shows his courageousness by standing up to Macbeth and doing what is right, not what is easy. Because Macbeth has failed to manipulate Banquo he decides to have him killed by two henchmen.In addition, he tells them to kill Banquos son, Fleance because the witches manipulated Macbeth into believing that Banquos sons were the nigh in line to be king. Therefore, he also becomes just as much as a threat to Macbeth as Banquo is to him. Secondly, Macbeth attempts to appeal to the murderers sense of honor in the hopes of seek to get them to side with him. Do you find your patience s o predominant in your nature, that you can let this go? Are you so gospelld, to pray for this replete(p) man and his issue, whose heavy hand hath bowd you to the grave and beggard yours forever? (III, i).Macbeth explains to the murderers that it has been Banquo that has betrayed them all on and he convinces them that Banquo is the true enemy. Here Macbeth uses the said(prenominal) tactics his wife used on him and he is successful in manipulating the murderers to go out and commit this murder for him. Macbeth is offering truth and lies to the murderers, as the witches did to manipulate him into killing Duncan. Although Macbeth does succumb to his wife and the witches persuasive methods, he becomes as good at manipulation as they do, maybe even better. However, in the end, manipulation is shown to be, no more than falseness and deception. Jakob JubertManipulation in MacbethMac-nipulation In William Shakespeares play Macbeth, manipulation is a very effective device. The main charac ter Macbeth is a puppet controlled by the words coming from the three witches and Lady Macbeth. The four troublemakers provide Macbeth with the motivation and confidence he needs to kill Duncan and perform other dark actions. Macbeth is very ambitious theres no doubt about this. However, there is no sign of him changing from a loyal man to a power hungry man. That is until outside influences begin to interfere with his life.The people with the greatest impact on Macbeth are his wife, Lady Macbeth and the witches. However, he then learns to manipulate others himself. In the end, all the treachery is revealed and he realizes that he has been a pawn in this whole scheme of achieving absolute power. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband on two occasions. Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be, what thou art promised yet do I fear thy nature it is too full o the milk of human kindness, to catch the nearest way thou wouldst be great (I, v). First she flatters Macbeth and soothes his ear ly fears of committing these dreadful acts.During the party she uses her most powerful persuasion, as she begins to question Macbeths honor and manhood by saying that he is less of a man if he fails in killing Duncan. Macbeth feels so much shame that hes convinced that it is right for him to take action. If it werent for Lady Macbeths harassment, Macbeth would have never gone down this awful road that has an inevitable dead-end. However, the witches are at the roots of all this manipulation. The witches are the first to raise the possibility of Kingship and persuade Macbeth to act on it. All hail Macbeth hail to thee, Thane of CawdorAll hail Macbeth hail to thee, Thane of Glamis All hail Macbeth thou shat be King hereafter. (I, iii) The witches are polite towards Macbeth. They all hail to him, showing respect and flattery. They then offer him a truth, that he is the Thane of Cawdor. When the witches tell Macbeth of the two other prophecies he begins to think to himself of the possib ilities of actually becoming King of Scotland. He wonders why the witches said that the prophecies were bad when they are such good news. Once again the witches offer half-truths to Macbeth and he is easily persuaded that hes invincible and almighty. Be Bloody, bold, and resolute laugh to scorn/ the power of man, for none of woman born/ shall harm Macbeth. (IV, i). Macbeth believes that he is unconquerable because of the visions from the witches. The manipulation of the bloody Child gave Macbeth a false sense of security. Macbeth thinks that there is no person that has not been born of a woman, which is what makes him think he is even more unbeatable. This is the second and last time that Macbeth hears from the witches. Just like the first time, he reacts on impulse to them and winds up being murdered by Macduff, who was born from a cesarean section.Macbeths first attempt at manipulation was unsuccessful. If you shall cleave to my consent, when tis/ it shall make honor for you. (I I, i). Macbeth is trying to get Banquo to join him because he suspects Banquo may know about the murder of Duncan. Banquo is decent and doesnt trust the witches prophecies so he chooses not to join Macbeth. Banquo shows his courage by standing up to Macbeth and doing what is right, not what is easy. Because Macbeth has failed to manipulate Banquo he decides to have him killed by two henchmen.In addition, he tells them to kill Banquos son, Fleance because the witches manipulated Macbeth into believing that Banquos sons were the next in line to be king. Therefore, he also becomes just as much as a threat to Macbeth as Banquo is to him. Secondly, Macbeth attempts to appeal to the murderers sense of honor in the hopes of trying to get them to side with him. Do you find your patience so predominant in your nature, that you can let this go? Are you so gospelld, to pray for this good man and his issue, whose heavy hand hath bowd you to the grave and beggard yours forever? (III, i).Macbeth explains to the murderers that it has been Banquo that has betrayed them all along and he convinces them that Banquo is the true enemy. Here Macbeth uses the same tactics his wife used on him and he is successful in manipulating the murderers to go out and commit this murder for him. Macbeth is offering truth and lies to the murderers, as the witches did to manipulate him into killing Duncan. Although Macbeth does succumb to his wife and the witches persuasive methods, he becomes as good at manipulation as they do, maybe even better. However, in the end, manipulation is shown to be, no more than falseness and deception. Jakob Jubert

Classroom Assessment in Fifth Grade Science Essay

A study was conducted to look the hypothesis that performance sagacitys entertain a more positive motivational orientation for students than supplied-response assessments which tend to truncate students learning strategies (Parkes & Stefanou, 2003).This was in response to general dissatisfaction arising from large-scale, high-stakes multiple choice testing, particularly among the old(a) students who experienced higher levels of anxiety and mistrust with respect to standardized tests. It partook of a cost-benefit analysis of the consequences of this particular type of assessment procedure to determine whether the positive outweighed the negative.traditional paper and pencil tests (P&P), a laboratory task format of assessment (lab), and a performance assessment (PA) were imposed on three different twenty percent grade science classes, particularly involving Goal Orientations to supply quantitative data. Qualitative output was also obtained through taped interviews of the three cla sses. Quantitatively, goal orientation seemed to be influenced by the type of assessment used.When paired with the qualitative data, students seemed to perform well in P&P testing because they equated a good grade with competency and ability, and they believed that performing well in P&P testing reflected this competency (Parkes & Stefanou, 2003). However, if receiving grades was removed from the equation, students became more receptive to PA testing and were motivated to take risks and explore actually doing science rather than just knowing science (Parkes & Stefanou, 2003).One of the limitations of the study was that qualitative information was necessary to complete the picture presented by the quantitative data. Although the study was by no means definitive as to whether or not assessment types contributed to student motivation, it clearly showed that when paired with the stakes or consequences attributed to the assessment results, it affects the students goal orientations.Refere nce ListParkes, J. and Stefanou, C. (2003). Effects of classroom assessment on student motivation on fifth-grade science. The Journal of Educational Research, 96 (3), 152-162.