Salem Witch Trials Judges Key Magistrates and Justices

Before the Court of Oyer and Terminer was appointed, local magistrates presided at the examinations, which functioned as preliminary hearings and decided whether there was enough evidence to hold an accused witch for trial. Local Magistrates Presiding Jonathan Corwin, Salem: a wealthy merchant and twice a member of the colonys assembly. He had been a local magistrate, hearing petty crimes. His son was later to become a minister at the First Church in Salem.John Hathorne, Salem: a wealthy landowner and merchant who owned property as far as Maine, he had served as a Justice of the Peace and had mediated disputes in Salem. He was the great-great-grandfather of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who changed the spelling of the family name to get distance from the Salem witch trial history.Bartholomew Gedney, Salem: a selectman and a colonel in the local militia. The family home, the Gedney House, is still standing in Salem.Thomas Danforth, Boston: a landowner and politician, he was known as a conservative. He served as the first Treasurer of Harvard College, and later as a steward there. He had been President of the Maine District, part of the Massachusetts colony. He was acting governor when the Salem witch craze began. Court of Oyer and Terminer (May 1692-October 1692) When the new Massachusetts Governor William Phips arrived from England in mid-May of 1692, he found that he needed to deal with a backlog of cases of accused witches who were filling up jails.  He appointed a Court of Oyer and Terminer, with Lieutenant Governor William Stoughton as its chief magistrate.  Five were required to be present for the court to be in an official session. Chief Magistrate Lt. Gov. William Stoughton, Dorchester: he headed the trials in Salem, and was known for his acceptance of spectral evidence. In addition to his work as an administrator and magistrate, he had been trained as a minister at Harvard College and in England. He was one of the major landowners in Massachusetts. He had been acting governor after Governor Phips was recalled to England.Jonathan Corwin, Salem (above)Bartholomew Gedney, Salem (above)John Hathorne, Salem (above)John Richards, Boston: a military man and a mill owner who had served as a judge before. He went to England in 1681 as a representative of the colony to influence and oppose King Charles II in increasing religious freedom. He was removed from his office representing the colony for proposing compromise with the crown. He was a judge under one royal governor, but not under the unpopular Andros. He was restored as a judge when Andros was removed from office by the colonists.Nathaniel Saltonstall, Haverhill: a colonel in the colonys militia, he is most famous for being the only judge to resign  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  though he did not declare his reasons for doing so. He had been a town clerk and a judge before the Salem witch trials.Peter Sergeant, Boston: a prosperous merchant and member of the Committee of Safety that removed Governor Andros from office. He also served as a Boston constable and Councillor.Samuel Sewell, Boston: known for his later apology for his part in the trials and for his criticism of slavery, he was chief justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court. Like many of the other judges, he was also a successful and wealthy businessman.Wait Still Winthrop, Boston: he worked for popular control of the colony and against royal governors. He also led the Massachusetts militia in King Philips War and King Williams War. Stephen Sewall was appointed a clerk of the court and Thomas Newton was appointed Crowns Attorney. Newton resigned on May 26 and was replaced on May 27 by Anthony Checkley. In June, the court sentenced Bridget Bishop to be hanged, and Nathaniel Saltonstall resigned from the court  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  perhaps without attending any of the sessions to that point. Assigned to handle the property of those convicted: Bartholomew GedneyJohn HathorneJonathan Corwin Superior Court of Judicature (Est. November 25, 1692) The role of the Superior Court of Judicature, replacing the Court of Oyer and Terminer, was to dispose of the remaining witchcraft cases. The court first met in January 1693. Members of the Superior Court of Judicature, all of whom had been judges in previous stages, were: Chief Justice: William Stoughton, DorchesterThomas DanforthJohn Richards, BostonSamuel Sewall, BostonWait Still Winthrop, Boston The Superior Court of Judicature, established in the wake of the Salem witch trials, remains the highest court in Massachusetts today.

Odyssey Compare/Contrast - 820 Words

Comparison and Contrast: Penelope vs. Penny Though Penny Wharvey McGill is portrayed as a â€Å"Southern 1930’s† version of Penelope, this heroine has many contrasting characteristics compared to the wife of Odysseus from Ancient Greece. In the Odyssey, Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus while he was gone at sea for 20 years, and Penny couldn’t even stay faithful to Ulysses Everett McGill, who was only in jail for 2 years. Many pieces of evidence show the lack of allegiance Penny had to Everett. When Everett sees his daughters again for the first time since he’s escaped, they recognized him and their dad at first, but then remembered that their mom told them that he had been hit by a train and died. After hearing that, Everett goes to find†¦show more content†¦She automatically knows it’s Odysseus. Penny had forgotten about Everett as if he had really been hit by a train and died. Once Everett proves that he’s just as â€Å"bona-fide†, she plans to marry him as soon as he finds her original wedding band. They both take their husbands back, but there was a catch in order for them to trust the men. These stories are completely different, yet alike in some situations. They were both single mothers while their husbands were gone. Penelope was loyal to Odysseus, but Penny couldn’t care less about Everett. They were both fit for their husbands in different ways, and were the reason their husbands wanted to come home. Overall, these women were both self-confident and strong-willed throughout either story, whether they were wives from the late 1930’s or AncientShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Odyssey And The Hobbit1472 Words   |  6 Pages Compare and Contrast As I read through Homer’s The Odyssey, and J.R.R Tolkien’s The Hobbit, I immediately noticed several similarities between the two. 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International Marketing Made Group

Question: Discuss about theInternational Marketingfor Made Group. Answer: Company and Product Analysis: Made Group is vertically integrated and independent Australian beverage company. It was founded in 2005 by former Brighton Grammar mates Matthew Dennis, Luke Marget, and Brad Wilson. Made groups head office is located in Melbourne, Australia (Made, 2016). Moreover, its product range includes sports drinks, iced teas, juice smoothies milk, flavoured water juices, and flavoured milk beverages. The objective of company is to make innovative products that are good for health. Another objective of Made group is to reduce its negative impact on environment in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Its aim is to achieve highest quality and safety standards in its operations and the products it provides to its end consumers. Instead of focusing on the broad category of consumers, the company believes in blue ocean strategy. It identifies niche categories for food and beverages that are not available in market and develops it into mainstream business category (Mitchell, 2016). An example of it can be seen in the recent products launched by the company like fruit flavoured range of coconut water. Further, it tries to achieve its corporate objectives by creating unique processes and techniques in developing beverages that allow it to charge premium pricing for its products. These strategies used by MADE allow it gain market share by creating and addressing the needs of niche market segments. MADE Group has made various improvements and achievements in the last three years. The investment of more than $20 million is made by company towards ultra-clean processing technology that is effective in extending the shelf life of milk and cold pressed juices from around 30 days to 100 days. This helps company to gain large market share that in turn leads to increase in its competitiveness in the market place. In addition to this, the revenues of MADE have grown 50% a year for the past three years to $65 million. Along with, MADE has generate a retail sales of $120 million with the help of its four brands including Cocobella, Rokeby farms, Nutrient water and Impressed. Moreover, it is considered as one of the biggest strength of company that is has on-site storage and logistics located at point of manufacturing that helps to reduce freight cost of company (Made, 2016). The product of Made group that is considered is fresh long life milk. It contains extended fresh shelf life capability which is unique among companys competitors. In addition to this, it also contains effective nutritional benefits; taste and great mouth-feel which makes it stand out better than its competitors. It also helps to meet out the needs of customers successfully. However, through diverging from its niche market category, the company is trying to consider broader market segment. It is because long life milk can be preferred and used by each and every consumer from childrens to young adults, working womens and old age group persons. MADE Group is engaged in international marketing and it is operating in Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In addition to this, the entry strategy of MADE includes making of effective partnership with export partners and international retailers and distributors. The countries include Malaysia, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan, Middle East and Philippines (Herald Sun, 2016). For the expansion of business into overseas, there is requirement of adequate funds, effective and experienced human resources, tools and equipments. Successful global expansion can effectively help company to extend sales potential of existing products. This will effectively help company to gain global market share. Analysis of Japan Country: Macro Environment: Macro environment is a circumstance that exists in an economy with uncontrolled and external factors (Laasch and Conaway, 2014). The factors included in macro environment are discussed as below: Political factors: The political factors include different areas such as labour law, environmental law, tax policy, tariffs, trade restriction, political stability, safety, and corruption that affect an economy. In this country, the political environment is stable which provides support to its economy (GAN, 2016). Moreover, the political environment of Japan is least corrupted in the world. The organizations in the country face very low risk of the corruption and feel safety by stable environment in the country. Foreign relations/trade: Japan is greatly influenced by trade, investment, and international economic issues (Patrick, 2010). In Japan mostly goods are not required any importing license or trade barriers to trade in the country. But the government prohibits importing some items such as firearms, narcotics, pornography, explosives, and products that are volatile to intellectual property laws. For the regional economic treaties Japan follows free trade agreement. Social and cultural environment: The people of Japan historically controlled by the nature and formed in groups with minimum functioning of social units. In Japan, different religious people live but particularly everyone speak Japanese language. The lifestyle and culture of the Japanese people is very high because the economy of the country is stable and developed. Economic factors: The economy of Japan is much strong and stable because the export of this country is strongly depended. The GDP value of Japan in world economy is 7.42 percent. The GDP per capita of this country is very high which presents that the purchasing power of this countrys people is also high with great prosperity. Japan is highly industrialized and developed country therefore the agricultural environment is suitable for the farming of the pack milk products. Technological factors: Japan is probably known as advance technological country. It is an important factor that affects to the Japans economy. The technology plays an important role in development of its infrastructure and industrialization. The development and manufacturing level of the country is very which is affected by the technology. Mainly the technology of this country belongs to the implementations of telecom and electrical equipments. Similarities and differences between the companys origin country (Australia) and Japan: In terms of macro environmental factors both countrys GDP is based upon service sector and are same in composition by industry sector but the agricultural sector of Australia is 3% in GDP and 1.4% of Japan. So, the macro environment of Australia has more opportunities in compare of Japan. Micro Environment: Micro environment refers to those factors that have impact on a business activities and objectives. In business corporate strategy it is essential to analyze micro environment of the country. Traditionally, the dairy products are not a large part of Japanese diet, but in recent years the market of these products has increased and gain popularity in the country. The market size of Japan is EUR 1252 million which is increased 41.6 percent in 2015. There are clear and distinct segments within the market of milk products. In relation of product life cycle, the market of beverage industry in Japan at growth phase. Moreover, the sources of foreign supply are sipping and air freight in Japan. But the major forms of marketing channels in Japan for this product are road and rail transportation that are relatively used for the transportation. Additionally, there is high competition in beverage sector but the company is capable to compete in the market. Analysis of Thailand Country: Macro Environment: The economy of Thailand is upper class economy in the world. The competitive analysis of Thailand is conducted through its political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental conditions that are discussed as below: Political factors: Politically the country is instable and deals with a cycle of anti- government remonstrations. The political instability proves major threats to the company and other investments. But the large and expand market attracts to multinational companies, allows domestic producers to attain economic scale, encourages local investors, and permits to agglomerations that creates competitive advantages in the economy (lucintel, 2012). Foreign relation/Trade: The foreign relations of Thailand are remarkably adaptive that manage its foreign issues flexibly and relatively creative by interference of most important foreign powers. The country Thailand almost aligned with its dominant power in region due to its efforts of security, preserve national sovereignty, and increase trade. Social and cultural factors: The big part of Thailand culture is connected to Buddhism religion. The people of the country do not on system nut they are encouraged to think themselves. The society of the country follows tradition beliefs. Although, there are used many language but mostly the Thai family language is mostly spoken language in Thailand. Economic factors: The economic analysis presents that the manufacturing sector is an important contributor for the companys growth. The economy of Thailand depends on exports, which is 60 percent of GDP. It is the second largest economy in South Asia. The GDP per capita of Thailand is 5774 US dollar which is equivalent to 46 % worlds average (Trading Economics, 2016). Technological factors: Countrys technology and productivity is limited because Thailand is facing shortage of skilled workers. In tertiary education its ratio is only 45 percent which is low and needs to improve in order to skilled workforce. Therefore the level of developing technology and infrastructure of the country is low. Agricultural factors: Agricultural sector is an essential source in Thailand to reduce the poverty and contributes in economic growth (Singhapreecha, 2014). Therefore, the environment of Thailand is favorable for the company. Micro Environment: The political environment of Thailand is unstable but the beverage market is attractive and competitive. The milk cooperatives of Thailand are varying in size and growing continuously with more opportunities for beverage companies. The milk cooperative encourages to farmers by procuring milk from farmers. In relation of product life cycle the market of Thailand at growing phase that provides the opportunities to beverage companies (Valencia, 2013). The dairy industry in the country is highly competitive as other Asian countries. Mostly, the dairy farms are small in size which is supported by dairy cooperatives. In other words small dairy farms are competitors in Thailand. In these competitors, the position of the company low but the future of the company in Thailand is bright because the products of the company comparatively superior with better services. References: GAN (2016) Japan Corruption Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/japan (Accessed: 10 October 2016). Lucintel (2012) PESTLE Analysis of Thailand 2012. [Online]. Available at: https://www.lucintel.com/pestle_of_thailand_2012.aspx (Accessed: 10 October 2016). Trading Economics (2016) Thailand GDP per capita. [Online]. Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/thailand/gdp-per-capita (Accessed: 10 October 2016). Singhapreecha, C. (2014) Economy and Agriculture in Thailand. [Online]. Available at: https://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=246print=1 (Accessed: 10 October 2016). Valencia, C. (2013) The power of cooperatives in the Thai dairy industry. [Online]. Available at: https://www.philstar.com/agriculture/2013/07/07/962397/power-cooperatives-thai-dairy-industry (Accessed: 10 October 2016). Patrick, H. (2010) Japans foreign economic relations. [Online]. Available at: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/10/31/japans-foreign-economic-relations/ (Accessed: 10 October 2016). Laasch, O. and Conaway, R. (2014) Principles of Responsible Management: Global Sustainability, Responsibility, and Ethics. USA: Cengage Learning. Mitchell, S. (2016) Nutrient Water and Cocobella maker MADE to ship bottled milk to Asia, The Sydney Morning Herald. [Online]. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/nutrient-water-and-cocobella-maker-made-to-ship-bottled-milk-to-asia-20160509-gopu72.html (Accessed: 10th October 2016). Made (2016) Made Impact. [Online]. Available at: https://madegroup.com/made-for-you/made-impact/ (Accessed: 10th October 2016). Herald Sun (2016) Melbourne beverage company made signs $2 million fresh milk export deals with Malaysia. [Online]. Available at: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/business/melbourne-beverage-company-made-signs-2-million-fresh-milk-export-deal-with-malaysia/news-story/ba63579949eba38d2cbb127926d9e5a5 (Accessed: 10th O Kim, W. and Mauborgne, R. (2013) Blue Ocean Strategy: How To Create Uncontested Market Space And Make The Competiti ctober 2016). on Irrelevant. US: Harvard Business Review Press. Made (2016) About Made. [Online] Available at: https://madegroup.com/about-made/ (Accessed: 10th October 2016).

The Heros Journey free essay sample

They usually undertake a dangerous journey or quest to supernatural realms to achieve a goal. They are often endowed with superior strength, knowledge, and courage. They may also carry within them some additional special â€Å"endowment†/power or some Events: The â€Å"Fall† The Flood The Garden of Eden The Betrayal Supernatural/Deities: God Satan Angels Spirits/Ghosts Demons Homer’s Illiad Odyssey;? Epic of Gilgamesh Stories of â€Å"epic proportion† – Lord of the Rings; Stephen King’s â€Å"The Stand;? † EPIC HERO – Odysseus, Superman, Indiana Jones, Beowulf, King Arthur, form of a supernatural blessing. However, epic heroes also possess human weakness and flaws. 3) MYTH A traditional story that explains a belief, custom, or mysterious natural phenomenon. Most myths are connected to/grow out of religious rituals and traditions, and almost all of them involve the exploits of gods and heroes. 4) MONOMYTH The monomyth/ heros journey is a name given to the basic pattern found in many narratives around the world. This universal pattern is described by Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces. In the monomyth, the hero starts in the ordinary world, and receives a call to enter an unusual world of strange powers and events. If the hero accepts the call to enter this strange world, the hero must face tasks and trials. At its most intense, the hero must survive a severe challenge, often with help earned along the journey. If the hero survives, the hero may achieve a great gift or boon. The hero must then decide whether to return to the ordinary world with this boon. If the hero does decide to return, the hero often faces challenges on the return journey. If the hero is successful in returning, the boon or gift may be used to improve the world. The three stages of the Hero’s Journey are: Departure (sometimes called Separation) in which the hero ventures forth on a quest; Initiation deals with the hero’s various adventures and trials along the way; and Return which deals with the hero’s return home with knowledge and/or power that he/she acquired on the journey. Lightening as a weapon used by Zeus Volcanoes representing gateways to the underworld or the wrath of the fire gods deities controlling aspects of nature and/or the elements (fire, wind, water, storms, harvest) hero’s weapons/blessings: Odysseus’ bow, Arthur’s sword, Achilles invulnerability, Indiana Jones’ whip, Wonder Woman’s rope/cuffs, etc Stories of judgment and a terrible flood (Noah’s Ark) and a man who is called to rescue humanity are paralleled all over the Middle East, Asia, Africa, South America, etc Stories of creation Stories of gods fathering children RELIGIOUS FIGURES: Buddha Mohammed Jesus Moses MODERN/CONTEMPORARY FIGURES: Barak Obama George Washington John F. Kennedy Mother Teresa GAMING: Dungeons and Dragons Zelda STORY TELLING (LITERATURE, MOVIES, ETC) Beowulf Harry Potter LotR Arthurian Tales Cirque de Freak Men in Black Heroes Lost STAGE ONE: DEPARTURE THE BIBLE SPIDERMAN 1. THE CALL TO ADVENTURE The call to adventure is the point in a persons life when they are first given notice that everything is going to change, whether they know it or not. Moses (the burning bush speaks) Peter yearns to be someone great Peter has a chance to stop a thief â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility. † 2. REFUSAL OF THE CALL Often when the call is given, the future hero refuses to heed it. This may be from a sense of duty or obligation, fear, insecurity, a sense of inadequacy, etc. 3. SUPERNATURAL AID Once the hero has committed to the quest, consciously or unconsciously, his or her guide and magical helper appear, or become known. 4. THE CROSSING OF THE FIRST THRESHOLD The point where the person actually crosses into the field of adventure, leaving the limits of their known world and venture into an unknown/dangerous realm where the rules and limits are unknown 5. THE BELLY OF THE WHALE Represents the final separation from the person they were before their adventure began. It is the point when the person is transitioning between worlds and selves. The separation is Being made/recognized between the old world/self and the potential for a new world/self. The experiences that finalizes the separation is often symbolized by something dark, unknown and frightening. Jonah (God calls him to go to Ninevah) Moses says he’s the wrong guy for the job Jonah runs away and jumps on a ship, God says Aaron (the brother) will speak and Moses’ staff will provide signs/wonders Jonah repents and the storm ends/he is swallowed by a whale. Peter doesn’t stop the thief who eventually kills his uncle. Peter tries to pull back and ignore that he is able to make a difference The radioactive spider that bites Peter gives him â€Å"powers† The ironic twist of fate that Peter lets a crook get away who ends up killing his uncle pushes him onto the hero’s path Moses goes to Egypt After Jonah is tossed in the ocean, he is swallowed by a whale Moses spends 40 years in the wilderness Jonah spends 3 days in the belly of the fish Peter’s guilt pushes him to embrace his role as Spiderman After time of internal struggle, Peter begins to accept his role as a crime fighter. He leaves behind his shy, immature self and becomes a stronger, independent, confident person. STAGE TWO: INITIATION THE ROAD OF TRIALS The road of trials is a series of tests, tasks, or ordeals that the person must undergo to begin the transformation. Often the person fails one or more of these tests, which often occur in threes. 2. THE MEETING WITH THE GODDESS The meeting with the goddess represents the point in the adventure when the person experiences a love that has the power and significance of unconditional love. This is often represented by the person finding the person that he or she loves most completely or by the person finding a cause they believe is of utmost importance. 3. THE TEMPTRESS/TEMPTATION At one level, this step is about those temptations that may lead the hero to abandon or stray from his or her quest, which as with the Meeting with the Goddess does not necessarily have to be represented by a woman. This is when the hero must battle with their fleshy/earthy nature. 4. ATONEMENT WITH THE FATHER The hero must confront and be initiated by whatever holds the ultimate power in his or her life. This may be a father figure/wise sage who has life and death power. All the previous steps have been heading to this place, and all events that follow flow out from this place. For the initiation and Transformation to take place, the hero must be willing to â€Å"die† (literally or symbolically) so that the new self can come into being. 5. APOTHEOSIS To apotheosize is to deify (become god-like). When someone dies a physical death, or dies to the self/their personal desires, he or she moves to a SPIDER MAN Moses leaves Egypt and lives in the desert. After fleeing from God, Jonah encounters a storm, a whale, Moses marries Moses sees the BURNING BUSH and talks with God Jonah agrees to God’s call Moses becomes afraid and does not want to do what God asks Jonah flees from God Moses confronts Pharoh Jonah confronts the King and people of Ninevah Moses leaves behind his fears and agrees to speak for God in front of Pharoh Jonah leaves behind his fear and agrees to speak for God in Ninevah. Peter begins to confront more and more criminals. He has to deal with the publicity and the incorrect label of vigilante while also dealing with the G. G. Aunt May tells Peter, â€Å"You were meant for great things† sending Peter down the â€Å"path† hero-dom. Peter’s love for Mary Jane also motivates him to be a heroic figure Peter must deal with the love he has for Mary-Jane, which tempts him to leave behind his life as Spider Man and just be a â€Å"normal† guy Peter must deal with the memory of his dead uncle and the guilt he feels over his death. The memory of his uncle and his uncle’s charge that â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility† continue to motivate Peter In knowing that his best friend’s father is the Green Goblin AND that the GG will not hesitate to hurt MJ to get to him, Peter must deny his feelings and come to a place of acceptance of his role as Spiderman. state of divine knowledge, love, compassion and peace. 6. THE ULTIMATE BOON The ultimate boon is the achievement Of the goal of the quest. It is what the person went on the journey to get. All the previous steps serve to prepare and purify the person for this step. STAGE THREE: RETURN 1. REFUSAL OF THE RETURN The hero must struggle with the desire to stay where they are at (now that they have accomplished their goal) and leave the world/humanity where it was when the hero left it. 2. THE MAGIC FLIGHT Sometimes the hero must escape with the boon. If it is something that the gods have been jealously guarding, the hero must escape from the wrath of the divine. 3. RESCUE FROM WITHOUT Just as the hero may need guides and Assistants to set out on the quest, oftentimes he or she must have powerful guides and rescuers to bring them back to everyday life. 4. THE CROSSING OF THE RETURN THRESHOLD The process through which the hero/heroine retains the wisdom gained on the quest and/or integrates that wisdom into a human life and determines how to share the wisdom with the world. 5. MASTER OF THE TWO WORLDS The hero achieves a balance between the material and spiritual/supernatural worlds. They have become comfortable and competent in both the inner and outer worlds and can cross between them. 6. FREEDOM TO LIVE Mastery of the two worlds leads to Freedom from the fear of death, which in turn is the freedom to live. This is sometimes referred to as living in the moment, neither anticipating the future nor regretting the past. Moses accomplishes his task of freeing the Children of Israel Jonah accomplishes his task and Ninevah repents. Moses tires of leading the Hebrew people and several times wants to give up being the leader Moses and the Children of Israel are protected by a pillar of fire and smoke and also flee across the Red Sea SPIDER MAN Peter needs to battle the GG and destroy him so that nobody else is hurt Peter wants MJ to Fall in love with him, not Spiderman. Peter wants to stop caring/worrying about people and just worry about his own life now. Spiderman uses his web to escape Pillar of Fire/Smoke Angel in the Burning Bush Peter Parker begins to â€Å"make peace† with being Spiderman and begins to try and create a â€Å"normal† life for himself. CHARACTER ARCHETYPES: 1. The Hero/ Heroine: the protagonist or central character, whose primary purpose is to separate from the ordinary world and sacrifice himself for the service of the journey at hand—to answer the challenge, complete the quest and restore the ordinary worlds Balance. 2. Mentor: provides motivation, insights and training to help the hero. 3. Threshold Guardian: protects the special world and its secrets from the hero, and provides essential tests to prove a heros commitment and worth. The threshold guardian is usually not the storys antagonist but may be a henchman/servant of the antagonist. The threshold guardian can also be a potential ally. 4. Herald(s): issue challenges and announce the coming of significant change. They can make their appearance anytime during a journey, but often appear at the beginning of the journey to announce a call to adventure. 5. Shapeshifter: misleads the hero by hiding a their true intentions and loyalties. The shapeshifter changes role or personality, often in significant ways, and is hard to understand. 6. Shadow: represents the darkest desires or may symbolize our greatest fears. Shadows may not be all bad, and may reveal admirable, even redeeming qualities. The heros enemies and villains often wear the shadow mask. 7. Trickster: enjoy the disruption of the normal way of things, turning the ordinary world into chaos. They may make characters see the absurdity of the situation and perhaps force a change in the outcome of the story.